Ancient China - Beard

 

Beard in Ancient China

 

In ancient China, the beard was a profound symbol of masculinity, social status, and moral integrity. Its meaning was rooted in medical theory, Confucian ethics, and the iconography of historical heroes.


1. Confucian Filial Piety

A primary reason for the prevalence of beards in ancient China was the Confucian concept of Filial Piety (孝, Xiào).

• The Body as a Gift: Confucius taught that every part of the body, including hair and skin, was a gift from one's parents.
• Sacred Maintenance: Cutting or shaving was seen as a lack of respect for one's ancestors. Consequently, beards were generally allowed to grow long to preserve the "original form" given at birth.

2. Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM)

In medical texts like the Miraculous Pivot (灵枢), a man's beard was considered a physical reflection of his internal health.

• Qi and Blood: A lush, long beard indicated abundant Qi (vital energy) and blood.
• Health Indicators: Conversely, sparse or short beards were viewed as signs of a deficiency in these vital substances.

3. Symbol of Maturity and Wisdom

A luxuriant beard was the ultimate standard for judging a "handsome" and "venerable" man.

• The Wise Elder: It distinguished mature gentlemen and wise scholars from younger, unproven men.
• Authority: In historical dramas and literature, the absence of a beard was often used to identify eunuchs, highlighting the beard as a potent emblem of full masculine authority that they lacked.

4. Iconic Martial and Political Status

Famous historical figures cemented the beard's association with heroism and power.

• Guan Yu: Known as the "Beautiful Bearded Gentleman" (美髯公), the legendary general’s long beard symbolized his honor and martial prowess.
• The Terracotta Army: Almost all statues in the Terracotta Army sport facial hair, reflecting the standard of manliness for warriors of the Qin Dynasty.
• Cultural Adornment: During the Wei and Jin dynasties, aristocrats went beyond simple growth, sometimes braiding their beards into intricate plaits as a mark of refinement and self-respect.

5. Transition in Meaning (Late Imperial to Modern)

 

• Qing Dynasty Shift: Under Manchurian rule (1644–1912), the "queue" hairstyle was mandated, which began to alter traditional Han Chinese hair customs.
• Modern Preference: Today, the beard has largely disappeared from Chinese daily life in favor of a "clean-cut" look, which is now associated with professional success and hygiene